The Role of Interjections in English Grammar

Shortly after Steve Jobss death in the fall of 2011, his sister, Mona Simpson, revealed that Jobss final words were monosyllables, repeated three times: OH WOW. OH WOW. OH WOW. As it happens, interjections (such as oh and wow) are among the first words we learn as children—usually by the age of a year and a half. Eventually, we pick up several hundred of these brief, often exclamatory utterances. As the 18th-century philologist, Rowland Jones observed, It appears that interjections make up a considerable part of our language. Nevertheless, interjections are commonly regarded as the outlaws of English grammar. The term itself, derived from Latin, means something thrown in between. Why Interjections Are Overlooked Interjections usually stand apart from normal sentences, defiantly maintaining their syntactic independence. (Yeah!) They arent marked inflectionally for grammatical categories such as tense or number. (No sirree!) And because they show up more frequently in spoken English than in writing, most scholars have chosen to ignore them. (Aw.) Linguist Ute Dons has summarized the uncertain status of interjections: In modern grammars, the interjection is located at the periphery of the grammatical system and represents a phenomenon of minor importance within the word class system (Quirk et al. 1985: 67). It is unclear whether the interjection is to be considered an open or closed word class. Its status is also special in that it does not form a unit with other word classes and that interjections are only loosely connected with the rest of the sentence. Furthermore, interjections stand apart as they often contain sounds which are not part of the phoneme inventory of a language (e.g. ugh, Quirk et al. 1985: 74).(Descriptive Adequacy of Early Modern English Grammars. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) But with the advent of corpus linguistics and conversation analysis, interjections have recently begun to attract serious attention. The Study of Interjections Early grammarians tended to regard interjections as mere sounds rather than words—as outbursts of passion rather than meaningful expressions. In the 16th century, William Lily defined the interjection as a parte of speche, whyche betokeneth a sodayne passion of the mynde, under an unperfect voice. Two centuries later, John Horne Took argued that the brutish, inarticulate interjection . . . has nothing to do with speech, and is only the miserable refuge of the speechless. More recently, interjections have been variously identified as adverbs (the catch-all category), pragmatic particles, discourse markers, and single-word clauses. Others have characterized interjections as pragmatic noises, response cries, reaction signals, expressives, inserts, and evincives. At times interjections call attention to a speakers thoughts, often as sentence openers (or initiators): Oh, you must be kidding. But they also function as back-channel signals—feedback offered by listeners to show theyre paying attention. (At this point, class, feel free to say Gosh! or at least Uh-huh.) Its now customary to divide interjections into two broad classes, primary and secondary: Primary interjections are single words (such as ah, ouch, and yowza) that are used only as interjections and that dont enter into syntactic constructions. According to linguist Martina Drescher, primary interjections generally serve to lubricate conversations in a ritualized manner.*Secondary interjections (such as well, hell, and rats) also belong to other word classes. These expressions are often exclamatory and tend to mix with oaths, swear words, greeting formulas, and the like. Drescher describes secondary interjections as derivative uses of other words or locutions which have lost their original conceptual meanings—a process known as semantic bleaching. As written English grows more and more colloquial, both classes have migrated from speech into print. One of the more intriguing characteristics of interjections is their multifunctionality: the same word may express praise or scorn, excitement or boredom, joy or despair. Unlike the comparatively straightforward denotations of other parts of speech, the meanings of interjections are largely determined by intonation, context, and what linguists call pragmatic function. Geez, we might say, you really had to be there. Ill leave the next-to-last word on interjections to the authors of the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999): If we are to describe spoken language adequately, we need to pay more attention to [interjections] than has traditionally been done. To which I say, Hell, yeah! * Quoted by Ad Foolen in The Expressive Function of Language: Towards a Cognitive Semantic Approach. The Language of Emotions: Conceptualization, Expression, and Theoretical Foundation, ed. by Susanne Niemeier and Renà © Dirven. John Benjamins, 1997.

Roman Mythology Essay - 5388 Words

Roman Mythology The ancient Greek and ancient Roman religion was the belief in gods. They had similar beliefs, but also vast differences. They came from each other and gave their people a form of morality. It was composed of many meaningful gods and goddesses that all played a part in the everyday life of the average Roman and Greek person of that time. They believed in something called polytheism. It is the belief of many gods; each given a personality, function, relationship to each other through family, and to be the subject of many myths and legends that were to be told for many of years to come. They were to become the basis for a religion that would last for hundreds of years and would yield thousands of followers to believe†¦show more content†¦She was originally said to be the daughter of the giant Palla, but was later said to have sprung from the forehead of Jupiter fully armed and grown. (Grolier) That is said in both religions, but in the Greek religion she is the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture. She is the inventor of the bridle, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. She represented reason, wisdom, and purity. Venus was the carrier of four things in the Roman religion as: Venus Felix; bringer of luck; Venus Victrix, bringer of victory; Venus Verticordia, protector of female chastity; and Venus Libentina, patroness of sensual pleasure. (Grolier) In Greek mythology as Aphrodite, she was the goddess of love, desire, and beauty. She is also said to have a magic girdle that makes anyone she wishes to desire her. (www. hunt) Mercury was the messenger of the Roman gods. He darted around quickly with his winged shoes and hat. He was also the god of merchants, science, astronomy, thieves, travelers, vagabonds, and of cleverness. (Grolier) In Greek mythology he is also the god of thieves and messenger of the gods. He guides the dead to the underworld and was the inventor of the lyre, pipes, musical scale, astronomy, weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the carer of the olive trees. (www. hunt) Diana was at first a minor deity of the forest and woodland, but was later known as a great hunter, patron of women, and the goddessShow MoreRelatedGreek And R oman Mythology881 Words   |  4 PagesGreek and Roman Mythology Since the dawn of time, different societies have worshiped gods, believing in their power and being afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices in order to achieve the gods mercy and generosity. They believed that, if the gods are in good mood, they will provide people with good weather conditions for growing crops. People needed explanations for different natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder and earthquake. So, ancient people believedRead MoreGreek and Roman Mythology: 780 Words   |  4 Pages Lamia was the queen of Libya which is another name for North Africa in greek and roman mythology. She became a child eating daemon. Lamia was known for being beautiful. She was a mistress of Zeus. One of his many. Zeus is known as the god of the sky. He was also married to a woman named Hera. Hera was the goddess of women and marriage. She was known for being jealous of Zeus lovers and children. Hera was said to have killed all of lamias children. Sh e killed them out of jealousy, and she kept oneRead MoreThe Between Greek And Roman Mythology1128 Words   |  5 Pages Many people would cringe at the thought of being in a romantic relationship with their relatives. However, in the world depicted by Greek and Roman mythology, occurences similar to this are not far fetched. Hades, the Greek god, and Pluto, the Roman god, are nearly identical gods that both ruled what is told to be the Underworld. In each of their myths, the reclusive gods became infatuated with their niece and kidnapped the unsuspecting maiden. This act is the root of the major conflict in a mythRead MoreGreek Mythology : Greek And Roman Mythology885 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues of a culture. (Rosenberg) With Greek and Roman Mythology we learn or are introduced to the idea of how the universe is formed, we learn about love and of course we learn about tragedy. Greek and Roman mythology has a strong influence on our culture today. The Greek culture affects our ever yday way of life. They created democracy, the alphabet, libraries, the Olympics, math, science, architecture, and even lighthouses. (Unknown) Greek and Roman mythology go hand in hand with gods and heroes, theRead MoreComparing Roman And Greek Mythology1354 Words   |  6 Pages Roman Vs. Greek Mythology Roman and Greek mythology are full of complexities. Much of Greek and Roman everyday life revolved around these myths. Many similarities are obvious between Roman and Greek mythology because the Romans borrowed a significant amount of their myths and gods from the Greeks. Although Roman and Greek mythology have a few components in common, they also have many various aspects that cause differences in their cultures. First of all; values, morals, traditionsRead MoreGreek and Roman Mythology464 Words   |  2 PagesThey live in two worlds, mortals with human and immortal. They are expected to understand how their actions may be explained by humans and immortals. That might make crazy any one. Also thanks to this book, I know the basic terms of Greek and Roman Mythology. The story is about a twelve-year old, named Percy Jackson. He tells us about his past. He is diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia. And he always thought of himself as a troublemaker. He was expelled from different schools. At the beginning ofRead MoreInfluences of Greek and Roman Mythology863 Words   |  4 PagesInfluences of Greek and Roman Mythology There are many influences that the Greek and Roman’s belief in polytheism that affect today’s cultures and beliefs. Their beliefs are so ancient that they date back to the Roman Empire. Many historians find it astounding that these myths made it through time and their influence is still found in many places of belief. The Greeks had their own principle divinities, these were twelve major gods called, â€Å"The Olympians.† TheRead MoreLoyalty Of Greek And Roman Mythology1467 Words   |  6 PagesJoy Whybrew Honors 201 Sec. 5 Fall 2016 Loyalty in Greek and Roman Mythology Numerous mythologies we have read throughout this semester have had an underlying message. Those who are loyal to their beliefs, their spouses, and the gods are rewarded, but those who prove to be unfaithful are dealt with harshly. From the multitude of examples in mythology, I have chosen four to discuss: Cupid Psyche, Odysseus Penelope, Medea Jason, and Antigone Creon. Each of these characters and their storiesRead MoreThe Heroes Of Greek And Roman Mythology1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe heroes in Greek and Roman mythology had the characteristics of violent masculinity and bravery, the ideology of a patriarchal society in which all the men were elite than the women. According to Kampmen in Gender Theory in Roman Art, â€Å"Roman society evolved in such a way as to enable elite men to establish and maintain power over everyone else, † such men included heroes like Hercules, Achilles, and Pentheus (1996, p.152). They represented the elite males who had stable physical att ributes thatRead MoreThe Gods Of Greek And Roman Mythology Essay1940 Words   |  8 Pagesmuch farther than just what is described in Choephori and Eumenides. From the events of the Trojan War, to the system of honor that demands that Orestes avenge his father, the gods were the directors of all of the action. The gods of Greek and Roman mythology are portrayed in very human terms. They are fallible, temperamental, and equally prone to anger or happiness toward their human subjects. In these myths, the gods are constantly interacting with their human subjects. They told the future and gave

F.I.T.T for Life Free Essays

The F. I. T. We will write a custom essay sample on F.I.T.T for Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now T Principle: Frequency: The frequency of exercising must allow the body to adapt but rest and repair at the same time. For Cardio Repertory the recommended frequency is three times minimally a week and five to six times a week at most. Intensity: The intensity principle defines how much effort should be in one training session or in the training program. To make this principle effective there should be enough effort to overload the body to allow it to adapt but not as much as to over-train the body. Type: The Type of exercise you do depends on the outcomes you would like to achieve from you r program. There are 6 different types of training. These include fartlek, interval, continuous, circuit, weight and cross. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Time: Time outlines the amount of time spent on each session of training within your program. Time is based on the type of exercise and the intensity. Delete text and place photo here. Year 9 Year 9 Personal Health And Development Assignment Part A: Research Task Play For Life * Recovery time improves Results appear in a shorter time period * Disadvantages * Strenuous on your body and easy to over train * Knee or leg problems can cause difficulty speeding up between intervals. Continuous: Continuous training improves aerobic fitness and is recommended for people who have not trained for a long time. It is moderate exercise lasting for at least 15-20 minutes without rest. AN overload is achieved by increasing intensity, time and speed. * Advantages * Improves aerobic fitness * Cheap * Can be done Individually or in a group * Range of activities can be used Easy to apply F. I. T. T principle PDHPE Year 9 Delete text and place photo here. Delete text and place photo here. Interval Training Fartlek Training Fartlek: The word ‘Fartlek’ come from the Swedish definition of speed play. It combines low and high intensity and many changes in speed and terrain. * Advantages * Improves speed and endurance * Can be done over a variety of terrain * Can include hill work and reps * Programs can be flexible * Suits game players * Disadvantages * If you are not trained can create problems such as cramps * Lack of motivation to do your best Can be too easy to skip the hard bits * Difficult to see how hard someone is training Interval: Interval training consists of periods of hard work followed by periods of rest. It improves mainly speed and is done at high intensity at a fast pace. * Advantages * Fitness a nd performance improves quickly Part A: Research Task Circuit, Weight and Continuous Cross training contains a number of different training methods. It is used for most sports. * Advantages * Allows for a variety of training * Makes training more interesting Training can be adapted to suit the weather * Disadvantages * Spending time on different types of exercises can distract you from the more important ones * There will be more exercises you might want and need to do. * Disadvantages * Doesn’t improve anaerobic fitness so isn’t ideal for team games which require short bursts of speed * Can be Boring Circuit: Circuit training contains 6-10 training sessions at which a particular activity is performed * Advantages * Not much equipment is needed * Fitness and skills * Can be done at home or at the gym Disadvantages * Your program may include equipment you don’t have * Takes time to set up circuit Weight: Weight training is used to increase muscular strength, endu rance and speed. It improves bulk and can help you recover after an injury * Advantages * Is easy to monitor improvement and overload * Can use a variety of exercises to work on certain muscular groups * Disadvantages * Muscles can be sore after workout * Can be painful to do Re. PDHPE Year 9 Delete text and place photo here. Cross Training Cross Training PDHPE YEAR 9 Michaela Franz How to cite F.I.T.T for Life, Essay examples