Discrimination Against Transgender Individuals - 2826 Words

Discrimination against Transgender Individuals Outline I. Introduction A. Opener: B. Thesis Statement: This research paper will be discussing about discrimination against transgender individuals in society, at work, and in marriage as well as in family. II. First of all, there are discrimination against transgender individuals in society. A . Transgender individuals face discriminatory barriers to full equality 1. face difficulties meeting their basic needs 2. having their gender identity respected B. Transgender individuals face more severe discrimination than LGB individuals III. Besides that, there are also discrimination against transgender workers. A. Costs of discrimination 1. transgender individuals†¦show more content†¦However, the word â€Å"transgender† can have different meaning to different people. Transgender, at the most elementary level, it means a person who does not seem to act or look like a woman or man in the society. Transgender is actually a new word and it was invented just a few decades ago. However, it is not a new theory. People that are not conform to their own genders have occurred for a long period of time (What is Transgender? | The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender Community Center, n.d.). To level down the huge topic of LGBT, this research paper will be discussing about discrimination against transgender individuals. The word â€Å"discrimination† can be define as prejudice of different group of people, especially race, age, or sex (Oxford Dictionaries, 2013). News about discrimination against LGBT individuals can be seen on webpage, magazines, as well as newspaper. However, discrimination against transgender individuals is slightly different and sometimes more severe than discrimination against lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals (American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU], 2013). There are a few countries that have legalized transgenderism rights law. For example, Spain has approved transgender rights law since 2007. Transgender individuals have been given right to change their gender document without undergo a sex change (â€Å"Pink News†, 2006). Other than Spain, ArgentinaShow MoreRelatedThe LGBT Community: The Need for an Anti-Discrimination Bi ll720 Words   |  3 PagesThe need for an anti-discrimination bill for members of the LGBT community is large and the discrimination against LGBT identifying individuals extends far past the workplace and into the homes and communities. Only 11 states currently provide transgender victims with protection under hate crimes. In all other states, violent crimes against transgender individuals are prosecuted without a hate crime enhancement. Transgender individuals often find it hard to find employment and feel safe. Due to theRead MoreThe Transgender Community Is An Integral Part Of The Lgbt Community1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe transgender community is an integral part of the LGBT community, although there are slight differences. The purpose of this paper is to bring to highlight such differences and discrimination that the transgender community faces. The Merriam Webster’s dictionary defines being transgender as â€Å"of, relating to, or being a person (as a transsexual o r transvestite) who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person s sex at birth.† TypicallyRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Transgender Community1600 Words   |  7 Pagesgovern what an individual should and must adhere to. How one should dress, speak, express themselves, etc. Dalton Conley explains that gender â€Å"[Is] a collectively defined guidebook that humans use to make distinctions among themselves, to separate one being from another, and to comprehend an otherwise fuzzy mass of individuals.† (279) However, when this â€Å"collectively defined guidebook† is mildly altered, many individuals are confused and respond negatively towards these changes. Transgenders are individualsRead MoreTransgender People Face Harmful Discrimination1644 Words   |  7 Pagesmany misconceptions about them, transgender people face harmful discrimination, whether being told their feelings are invalid, that th ere is no such thing, or being killed for who they are. Identifying as a gender other than the one you are assigned at birth is seen as unnatural in a world ruled by a rigid gender binary, so understanding transgender people’s experiences is necessary for a safe life for them. Some protections are already available to transgender people, though paltry: Only â€Å"15Read MoreTransgender Students Should Be Legal967 Words   |  4 PagesTransgender people are deserving of having the right to use public facilities that correspond with their gender identity instead of being forced to use facilities that match their biological sex, which could put them in danger. There have been many cases of transgender people being denied access to use bathrooms and locker rooms for the gender they identify with, out of worry that they’d make other people occupying said bathrooms and locker rooms uncomfortable. The reactions of other groups of peopleRead MoreTransgender Women Of Color : An Epidemic Of Fatal Violence Against Transgender And Gender945 Words   |  4 Pagesepidemic of fatal violence against transgender and gender non-confirming women, specifically transgender women of color in the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The topic of transgender women of color b ecoming countless victims in our country is a travesty. Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in general are at high risk for violent acts to befall them. The information that follows will be specifically focusing on transgender women of color in the United States. This topic of transgender rights is personalRead MoreGender, Sexual Orientation And Education1746 Words   |  7 Pagessociety that judge people and groups based on the prejudices and stereotypes that treat them differently. In the aspect of identity discrimination, American society plays a big role in keeping those that are different isolated from the rest of the world. Today’s society suffers huge from a spectrum that focuses power on discrimination. In this spectrum, transgender individuals are perceived as people that are most damaging than lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people. Transgendered people are routinelyRead MoreGender Is A Complex And Controversial Phenomenon1415 Words   |  6 Pagessystem. Some individuals do not find it difficult being socialized and identifying with a societies’ definition of â€Å"femaleness† and â€Å"maleness†. Others, however, have a more difficult time. The term â€Å"transgender† refers to particular ind ividuals whose gender identification does not align with what society would rather regard them as, and are based on the conventional norms and standards of what it means to be â€Å"female/woman† or â€Å"male/man†. There is a distinctive experience for individuals casted as â€Å"trans†Read MoreCultural Differences And Gender Appropriateness867 Words   |  4 Pages To be transgender is not a choice, but rather of form of sexuality that is often shunned in American culture. Transgender individuals are those who transgress the gender norms of the dominant culture or the culture to which they belong. Transgender oppression occurs when people whose gender expression does not qualify as â€Å"normal† within their society. Throughout life, society teaches â€Å"cultural differences and gender appropriateness† (437) in which is set as the norm in the American culture. It isRead MoreAre Transgender Communities Getting The Rights That They Deserve? Essay 741 Words   |  3 PagesAre transgender communities getting the rights that they deserve? The answer is no. Most states have no laws that protect against the LGBT community. However, there are several states that have implemented laws that will accommodate the community with the same rights that a person who does not struggle with their sexual identity. â€Å"California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont

Zen Plastics Company Free Essays

This report aims to examine partnership arrangements and clearly identify advantages and disadvantages in terms of entering the export market. Besides, it is necessary to have a competent understanding of how Zen Plastics would successfully go into the export market and what they do to achieve this. Critically look at Zen Plastics’ s structure to see if the exporting is a suitable strategy for the firm concerned. We will write a custom essay sample on Zen Plastics Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now The partnerships that Zen Plastics could enter into In some countries Zen Plastics cannot sell directly to the end user but must use a local agent or representative. Thus, they should enter into some partnerships. It is possible for Zen Plastics to use manufacturer’s representative or sales agent in local area. In other circumstance, the foreign distributor may purchase the product from Zen Plastics and is always responsible for payment of the item being exported. Accordingly, joint ventures might be a common way for most of exporting companies when two businesses in different counties get together to start a new venture. This method normally follows one route such as licensing, franchising, industrial co-operation and contract manufacture. As for Zen Plastics, licensing, franchising and contract manufacture would be the appropriate ways to be taken into account. The owner of the licence grants someone the rights to produce goods using that licence. The owner of the licence allows other manufacturers to use the character in return for payment of a fee. In a word, the licensor won the rights and the licensee buys the rights. A franchise operation comprises a franchiser and a franchisee. The franchiser owns the rights to the products and sells these to the franchisee. This is used by exporters to get into overseas markets that are protected by tariffs or other barriers. It involves the manufacturer placing an order for the production of agreed items in another country. The export facilitating companies that could assist Zen Plastics to enter foreign markets With the assistance of Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the people’ s Government, Zen Plastics can implement and carry out the state foreign principles, policies and relevant laws and regulations as well as the decisions made by Communist Party of China (CPC) and study and formulate working schemes and plans for key foreign affairs. To conduct investigation and study according to the needs in the process of economic and social development as well as the opening-up campaign and to provide proposals and suggestions for the decision-making. CHINA GROUP COMPANIES PROMOTION ASSOCIATION, it can help Zen Plastics correct evaluate the proposed market, research on size of target market, and then take further measures to plan. With the help of CGCPA, it can promote business cooperation and foreign matchmaking. They can investigate on the multinational business strategy formulation and implementation and the management of overseas companies to understand the situation and to exchange experiences as well. A new proper organization structure to assist Zen Plastics in its new venture Before Zen Plastics start exporting they must decide what their objective for exporting is. They must decide what type of work that needs to be done to accomplish the company profits or other objectives. There are many ways a company can create its structure. The most common are: Functional organization, Regional organization, and Product organization In the topical issue of environmental protection has become a global imperative to resolve the contradiction, Zen Plastics should seize the rare opportunities for the revolutionary era – the green plastics, it widely promotes the use of green plastics by making their own efforts depend on a new organization structure, which can assist Zen Plastics in its new venture. Summary With the help of the report, some relevant information about the various routes to the market place both direct and indirect can be provided. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of each and organizational structure have been discussed, and apply it to the case study. How to cite Zen Plastics Company, Papers

Discussion on Medication Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Medication Management. Answer: Importance of the topic: Medication Management Medication error is a kind of error that causes inappropriate application of medication over the patient, causing potential harm (Fatemah et al. 2013). The medication error is preventable but when it occurs in an emergency department of a hospital, the situation becomes fatal. The medication management lies solely in the hand of the health care professionals and generally deals with the norms, process and the mode of administration of the medicines. The importance of the topic lies in the fact that such management directed towards the medication will cut-short the occurrence of the manual error occurring in the emergency department and thereby reducing the rate of mortality and unwanted deterioration of the patients health condition. The medication management system will promote the development of the proper medication plan, or the routine protocol that needs to be undertaken while providing medication to any patient admitted in an emergency unit and will also encourage proper intera ction between the nurses and the doctors (Patanwala et al. 2012; Moorhead et al. 2014). Audit Standards Maintained The number of nurses with respect to doctors is high along with the increase in the number of non-veterans doctors; amount of medication error is increasing vigorously. The latest data obtained from the Kings Hospital, Singapore states that, majority of the casualties in the emergency unit of the hospitals have occurred because of the medication errors. The medication error statistics shows drastic increase of medication error incidence. 3 cases are reported in 2016 and 10 cases in 2017. Moreover, there are 2 unfortunate Serious Reportable Events (SREs) that have occurred within one-month in year of 2017. Here SRE is defined as adverse event that causes negative effect leading to an unintended harmful impact on the patient, which may or may not have been prevented (MOH 2014). Emergency Department (ED) has a stressful environment with high turnover rate of patient and unpredictable critical events. Such sudden events and work pressure make ED to suffer from high frequency of medicatio n error. The statement holds true across the nation (Vazin, Zamani and Hatam 2014). In promotion of patient safety level, medication safety had long been recognized to be important in the field of healthcare provision (MOH 2006) Based on the escalating medication error incidence in the beginning of 2017; it was predicted the same scenario will prevail for the rest of the year. Given the significance of the current report of MEs in ED, it is very important to develop an audit on the medication administration on all Registered Nurses (RN) in this ED in order to find out their performance and identify the area of improvement. This will help to combat further ME incidence and will enhance the level of patient safety. The nursing audit is an exercise to elucidate whether good nursing practices are followed in a particular health care unit where the nursing audit is being carried out. In Singapore, according to Medication Safety Practice Guide, all healthcare professionals have equal shar e of responsibility to ensure medication safety especially for the nurses. Nurses hold a important position which acts as a last barrier to prevent any medication error happening at the bedside. (MOH 2006) All nurses must abide by the authorized guidelines, standards and evidence based best practices (MOH 2006). Figure: Medication Error Statistics (Kings Hospital, Singapore for the year of 2016-2017) Each medical nurse or midwifery specialist is relied upon to create and keep up skill with respect to all parts of medicine administration, guaranteeing that her/his insight, aptitudes and clinical practice are breakthrough. The pharmaceutical administration requires the nurse/midwife to be responsible in managing the medicinal management for the patient/benefit client, the general population. The nurses must adopt the administration of the best medicine after the authorized standards are being made. The audit standards that the nurses/midwives can adopt are the The nurses should be aware of the legal and professional responsibilities The nurses must have access to the medicines in need of the patient need and there will be support of the local systems The nurses must be aware of the actions and omissions of the role of the nurses in administering a prescribed medicine They must actively follow the transcription as mentioned by the visiting doctor They will have to follow the administration and frequently monitor the desired effect of the drug and make review The nurses should have an understanding for the drug prescription and the potential side effects. They must be efficient enough to identify, intervene and report the adverse conditions They should understand the purpose of the medicines that is been registered. The nurses must seek all the information in a written form prior to the audit study The audit can be done if the nurses know the potential benefits and the misuse of the drugs which is being administered to the patient The nurses must adhere with the requirements of the Misuse of Drugs act and regulations to follow a strict regime in the audit They must be well aware of the factors that are involved in the medicinal errors like right of the patient, mode of administration of the prescribed drug, the time of cyclic administration of the medicine in a routine base and route of administration Nurses must be aware of the special care regime need to be undertaken during the intravenous administration of the drugs and these include the duration of administration, the ratio of dilution, the drug compatibility and the speed to administration or transfusion through the veins (Gardner, Gardner and O'connell 2014) Audit Questions The 5 specific audit questions, solely directed towards the concept of the medication management which the nurses are requirement to fill at the time of medicine administration are Does the hospital have a medicines policy that is practiced in the hospital? Are the medicines kept safe in the hospital? Are medicines requiring refrigeration stored in a separate refrigerator? Are refrigerated medicines properly labeled to indicate storage requirements? Are dosage instructions clear and is the medication administration record completed correctly? Audit Setup The audit was done at emergency department of the Kings hospital Singapore. It is a multidisciplinary hospital. Population and Sampling All the nurses of the emergency unit of the Kings hospital in Singapore will be involved in the audit. The exact population who will be examined are the 150 registered nurses. The number of samples who are actually being audited are 150 veteran nurses of the emergency unit Introduction Medication management can be regarded as the principal responsibility of a nurse in any health care setting (Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) 2009). It is a complex process, which involves several steps like prescribing proper medicines, ordering the medicines, dispensing the used vials and syringes, supplying the medicines to the wards, then finally administering the drug, and storing via proper refrigeration (Dilles et al. 2012). Research suggests that error in any phase of the medication cycle, adversely effects the patients physical safety, which is comes under the highest priority in the nursing practice (Weaver et al. 20013). Moreover, adverse drug events are common in the emergency unit of the hospitals and hospital residents are more susceptible to such threats because of high occurrence of polypharmacy and change in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics varies with age and have a huge influence over the durg interactio ns and associated side-effects (Dilles et al. 2012, p.172). In the nursing practice, the nurses are religiously trained to preach the five basic rights of medication administration. The 5 rights are include, the right of medication, right dose, right route, right time and right patient. However, evidence indicates that majority of the nurse fail to preach these five basic rights. Therefore, additional strategies are required to be implemented in order to negate the chances of the medication errors. This additional strategy comes in the form of nursing audit. The objectives of this audit were: The aim of this project is to implement best practices prevalent in medication management in the emergency unit of the hospital. The principal objectives are to reduce the overall rate of occurrence of the medication errors or the chances of adverse drug events through incident reporting and adherence to the medication administration via following safety guidelines. The additional objectives of this dissertation are to promote the overall safety quotient of the residents via complying the professional and national standards of nursing on the medication management. Rationale Medical Audits Technology Systems have designed an audit system to promote the improvement of the operation of the medication safety in the clinical areas. It also ensures compliance with legislation and thereby improves medication management to prevent patient harm (McBane et al. 2015). The importance of the medication management lies in the fact that it promotes proper monitoring of the medicines that are going to be administered to the patients. It also evade the chances of the unsafe medication communications with over-the-counter medications or different cross-reactivity of the pharmaceuticals. This is particularly imperative for those taking extensive quantities of drugs to address interminable ailments and different maladies, which is more predominant among seniors (Wager, Lee and Glaser 2017). The Health (Nursing Homes) (Amendment) Act (Health Act) (2007) states that all the suppliers and the social care administrations (private and government hospitals), need to enlist with HIQA and need to claim that they attempt to observe controlled exercises as characterized in the Act. Numerous proposals were made to guarantee that the supplier/individual in control (nurture director/pioneer) conform to the Health Act 2007 and National Quality Standards for Residential Care Settings for Older People before they get officially enrolled. These suggestions can only be implemented by the change in structure and frameworks of the association (Smith, Bates and Bodenheimer 2013). Background Drug administration in nursing is extensively characterized. It deals with the protected and successful utilization of the remedy and over-the-counter restorative items. The nurses and midwives are the most important members in solution administration and add to persistent/benefit client mind. Pharmaceutical administration is a complete mediation, which includes the learning of trained nurses and the exercises that are performed to help the patient/benefit client in accomplishing the best advantage and best results including drugs. The duties of pharmaceutical administration fuse the appraisal, arranging, execution and assessment of the nurses (Sousa et al. 2017). The Medication Management Plan (MMP) of Singapore furnishes wellbeing specialist co-ops with a standard frame that can be utilized by nurses and the associated wellbeing staff to enhance the exactness of data recorded on confirmation and accessible to the clinician in charge of restorative basic leadership (Westbrook et al. 2015). Standard recording of the prescriptions taken preceding introduction at the hospital and accommodating of patients' pharmaceuticals on affirmation, intra-doctor's facility exchange and at release is viewed as fundamental for the medicine compromise process. The MMP gives an appropriate paper frame to this reason. The MMP shape was intended for use in minor and grown-up patients (Walker and Colledge 2013). Audit purpose Assessing and monitoring the quality of service provisions To provide the evidence of competence Preventing and reducing errors Demonstrating accountability Developing and training staffs Methods Standards The audit standards will be created on the basis of the emergency department of the organization. The audit survey will be conducted at the emergency department of the multidisciplinary hospital in Singapore, Kings Hospital. Setting The audit will be done in the emergency ward of the department of multidisciplinary hospital, Kings hospital Singapore. Population The population required in this will be 150 registered nurses in the emergency unit out of 150 total nurses. Data collection The data was collected by distributing the questionnaire among the nurses who are attending patients in the emergency unit. The nurses only after having the proper knowledge about the patient and the medicines are asked to fill the questionnaire in Yes or No format while administering the medicine to the patient. A planned investigation includes the accumulation of the information related to pharmaceutical information. Audit examination is finished utilizing graph audits or other information sources to survey pharmaceutical use as indicated by pointers and criteria arranged ahead of time (Billingham, Whitehead and Julious 2013). The benefit of a forthcoming survey is that the drug specialist (or other commentator) can mediate at the time the solution is apportioned to counteract blunders in, for instance, dose, signs, or cooperation. Audit assessment, may include a greater amount of the analyst's opportunity or expect access to medicinal records, is best expert when the commentator has time far from the patient care zones and diversions. Commonly, solution related criteria that are explored in these sorts of assessments are as per the following Prospective studies (obtained from prescription records) (Herrett et al. 2015) Indication of the dosage Dose of the drug per body mass and age Duration of therapy and degree of toxicity Dosage form and route of administration Potential medicine interactions or drug cross-reactivity Appropriate therapy and medicine selection Therapeutic duplication Contraindications in medication with drug allergy and age Quantity dispensed Retrospective studies (obtained from prescription, medical records, and laboratory records) (Aiken et al. 2014) Proper Laboratory monitoring Monitoring of the therapeutic use of high-cost medicines ADRs to medications Correct use of generic or therapeutic equivalents Patient outcomes from pharmaceutical therapy Collection of the information is performed by auditing an appropriate example of outlines or solution records from the human services office, for the most part by chose drug store faculty. At any rate, 50 to 75 records ought to be explored at every human services office. The bigger the office and the more experts, who are accessible, the bigger the level of records that would should be looked into and broke down (Bronzino 2014). Data collection Table Response Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N 1. Is the patients name in the medication chart legible? 2. Has the Date of Birth of the patient been enlisted in the medication chart? 3. Is the Allergy status clearly marked on the medication chart? 4. Is the authorised doctors signature present on all medication orders? 5. Is the date of order written by the nurses on all medications orders provided the doctor? 6. Are all the medication orders clear and legible? 7. Are the medication orders has the clear indication of the patient name? 8. Are the medications orders clearly stating the route of administration of the drug? 9. Are the medications orders clearly stating the tenure or the time of medicine administration 9in case of intravenous or intramuscular or subcutaneous? 10. Are there any medicines for which the administrations have been ceased in the last 7 days? If yes has the chart been signed and dated to indicate the cessation date? Are the unused medicines returned to the pharmacy for repacking? Are the bottles or the packs of the ceased medicines removed from the patients drug trolley? 11. Are the required authorised signatures present on all the medication charts? 12. If medication refused or withheld has been recorded appropriately with proper reasons? 13. Have all the refused or withheld medicines (more than 7 consecutive doses) been referred back to the doctors for proper audit? 14. Has the pharmacy dispensed adequate stock of medicines prescribed in order to ensure that the doses are never missed under any circumstances? 15. Is the patients current photo attached at the front of the medication chart for instant identification? 16. Is the temperature of the drug storage refrigerator been strictly monitored or maintained? 17. Have all the opened eye drops or nose drops been marked with the date of seal opening date? Key Elements Standards Audit questions Patient Information Easily accessible and readily available demographics and clinical data (age, diagnosis, allergies status) via electronic system. This will ensure that the correct drug is administered to the correct patient Demographic data and medication profile such as patient identity and allergy status must be updated regularly 1. Do nurses apply barcode name bracelets and coloured allergy bracelets to every patient? (YES/NO) 1. Do nurses identify the correct patient and IC number before serving medication? (YES/NO) Drug Information To maintain an up-to-date drug knowledge among the nurses through readily accessible online references, protocols, and computerized drug information systems. All nurses must know where to look for the online up-to-date drug information resources 1. Do nurses know where to access online drug information resources? (YES/NO) Drug labeling, packing, and nomenclature To facilitate proper identification of drugs and to prevent medication error from sound alike or look alike drugs name All post filled syringes medication must be labeled with the name and strength of the medication 1. Do nurses label all post-filled syringes medication with the name and strength? (YES/NO) Staff competency and Education Staff education plays a vital role in the medication error prevention such as baseline competencies and knowledge about medications, non-formulary medication and High Alert Medication (HAM). All nurses must know the safe use and proper storage of the medications within the hospital. 1. Do nurses know the safe use and storage of medications within the hospital? (YES/NO) Table: The table represents the basis of the audit question framed (Source: Created by author) Ethical consideration In case of conducting a research, the researcher is required to strictly follow the ethical guidelines that comes under the Data Protection Act. The ethical principles along with the guidance help the researcher to conduct the research successfully. In order to carry forward the research, the researcher is required to take consent from the participants. The participants who are not interested in survey shall never be forced or compelled. Apart from taking the consent, the research needs to be quite aware about the biased factor, which is quite common in survey. Proper screening of the biasness will help in generation of the standard data, minus the false positive results. However, manipulation is not the way out for standard results and must be avoided on highest priority. Moreover, the collected data must be protected as per the privacy guidelines. The data collected was primary data and hence again privacy comes into consideration and should not be used or cited in other related wo rks. While designing the survey questionnaire, it was kept in mind that the it does not contain any personal questions that can hurt the emotion and feelings of the participants. Furthermore, for successful completion of the survey, the researcher needs to collect information from some of the most authentic resources while conveying the purpose of the survey to the participants. Now this will subsequently will make the participants more cautious and to deliver their views properly. In order to conduct this nursing audit, the researcher obtained an ethical approval. It was collected from the Institutional Review Committee along with a signed consent collected from the hospitals higher authority before data collection. The completed audit questionnaires were retrieved only after their completion in the emergency ward of the Kings hospital References Aiken, L.H., Sloane, D.M., Bruyneel, L., Van den Heede, K., Griffiths, P., Busse, R., Diomidous, M., Kinnunen, J., Kzka, M., Lesaffre, E. and McHugh, M.D., 2014. Nurse staffing and education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: a retrospective observational study.The Lancet,383(9931), pp.1824-1830. Billingham, S.A., Whitehead, A.L. and Julious, S.A., 2013. An audit of sample sizes for pilot and feasibility trials being undertaken in the United Kingdom registered in the United Kingdom Clinical Research Network database.BMC medical research methodology,13(1), p.104. Bronzino, J.D. ed., 2014.Management of medical technology: a primer for clinical engineers. Butterworth-Heinemann. Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T.B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A.J., Hundt, A.S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R. and Gurses, A.P., 2014. Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety.Applied ergonomics,45(1), pp.14-25. Dilles, T., Elseviers, M. M., Van Rompaey, B., Van Bortel, L. M., Stichele, R. R. V. Fatemah, D, Arash, R, Hassan, T, Sara, A, Somayaeh, H, Shadi, F and Mohammadreza, J 2013, Medication Errors in an Emergency Department in a Large Teaching Hospital in Tehran, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 12, no. 4, pp. Gardner, G., Gardner, A. and O'connell, J., 2014. Using the Donabedian framework to examine the quality and safety of nursing service innovation.Journal of clinical nursing,23(1-2), pp.145-155. Graffigna, G., Barello, S., Libreri, C. and Bosio, C.A., 2014. How to engage type-2 diabetic patients in their own health management: implications for clinical practice.BMC public health,14(1), p.648. Hamer, S. and Collinson, G., 2014.Achieving Evidence-Based Practice E-Book: A Handbook for Practitioners. Elsevier Health Sciences. Herrett, E., Gallagher, A.M., Bhaskaran, K., Forbes, H., Mathur, R., van Staa, T. and Smeeth, L., 2015. Data resource profile: clinical practice research datalink (CPRD).International journal of epidemiology,44(3), pp.827-836. Jokanovic, N., Tan, E.C., van den Bosch, D., Kirkpatrick, C.M., Dooley, M.J. and Bell, J.S., 2016. Clinical medication review in Australia: a systematic review.Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,12(3), pp.384-418. McBane, S.E., Dopp, A.L., Abe, A., Benavides, S., Chester, E.A., Dixon, D.L., Dunn, M., Johnson, M.D., Nigro, S.J., Rothrock?Christian, T. and Schwartz, A.H., 2015. Collaborative drug therapy management and comprehensive medication management?2015.Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy,35(4). MOH, 2006, Medication Safety, Accessed 19 August 2017 https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/HPP/all_healthcare_professionals/Medication%20Safety.pdf MOH, 2014, Directives for Review of Serious Reportable Events for Prescribed Healthcare Institution: Regulation 12A (1)(b) of the private Hospitals and Medical Clinics Regulations (CAP 248, RG 1), Accessed 19 August 2017, https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Guidelines/Private%20healthcare%20institutions/2010/DIRECTIVES%20FOR%20REVIEW%20OF%20SERIOUS%20REPORTABLE%20EVENTS%20v02012011.pdf Moorhead, S., Johnson, M., Maas, M.L. and Swanson, E., 2014.Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)-E-Book: Measurement of Health Outcomes. Elsevier Health Sciences. nursing scholarship?: an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau, 43(2): 171-180 Patanwala, A.E., Sanders, A.B., Thomas, M.C., Acquisto, N.M., Weant, K.A., Baker, S.N., Merritt, E.M. and Erstad, B.L., 2012. A prospective, multicenter study of pharmacist activities resulting in medication error interception in the emergency department.Annals of emergency medicine,59(5), pp.369-373. Shaw, S., Ng, Y.S., Whittaker, R., McFarland, R., Turnbull, D., Gorman, G. and Schaefer, A., 2015. A Clinical Audit Of Acute Management Of Stroke-like Episodes From A National Mitochondrial Disease Centre. Smith, M., Bates, D.W. and Bodenheimer, T.S., 2013. Pharmacists belong in accountable care organizations and integrated care teams.Health Affairs,32(11), pp.1963-1970. Sousa, S.R., Shoemaker, S.J., Nascimento, M.M., Costa, M.S. and Ramalho de Oliveira, D., 2017. Development and validation of a logic model for comprehensive medication management services.International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. Sultan, N., 2014. Making use of cloud computing for healthcare provision: Opportunities and challenges.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.177-184. Tse, B., Augustine, J. and Boesen, K., 2015. Impact of a Nationwide Medication Therapy Management Program on Drug-Related Problems at the Medication Management Center in 2012. Vazin, A, Zamani, Z and Hatam, N. 2014, Frequency of medication errors in an emergency department of a large teaching hospital in southern Iran, Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, vol. 6, pp.179-184. Wager, K.A., Lee, F.W. and Glaser, J.P., 2017.Health care information systems: a practical approach for health care management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, B.R. and Colledge, N.R., 2013.Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Weaver, S.J., Lubomksi, L.H., Wilson, R.F., Pfoh, E.R., Martinez, K.A. and Dy, S.M., 2013. Promoting a Culture of Safety as a Patient Safety StrategyA Systematic Review.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_2), pp.369-374. Westbrook, J.I., Li, L., Lehnbom, E.C., Baysari, M.T., Braithwaite, J., Burke, R., Conn, C. and Day, R.O., 2015. What are incident reports telling us? A comparative study at two Australian hospitals of medication errors identified at audit, detected by staff and reported to an incident system.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(1), pp.1-9.